Landmark Cases Time Line
1972 - Congress enacts Title IX of The Educational Amendments of 1972
20 U.S.C. ß 1681 et seq. Signed into law by President Richard Nixon, June 23, 1972. Prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity, within an institution receiving any type of Federal financial assistance.
1974 - “Tower Amendment” proposed and rejected.
May 20, 1974, Senator Tower introduced an amendment to exempt revenue-producing sports from being tabulated when determining Title IX compliance. The amendment was rejected.
1974 - “Javits Amendment” enacted & included in the Education
Amendments July
1974, Senator Javits proposed, in lieu of proposed Tower Amendment, a proposal stating HEW must issue Title IX regulation including “with respect to intercollegiate athletic activities, reasonable provisions considering the nature of particular sports.” (e.g., event-management needs, etc.)
1975 & 1977 - Two bills attempt to alter Title IX coverage in athletics;
both die in committees before reaching House or Senate floors.
June 1975, Rep. O’Hara introduced House Bill (H.R. 8394), proposing to use sports revenues first to offset cost of that sport, then to support other sports.
July 15, 1977, Senators Tower, Bartlett, & Hruska introduced Senate Bill (S. 2106), proposing to exclude revenue-producing sports from Title IX coverage.
1975 - HEW issues final Title IX regulation 34 C.F.R. Part 106
Signed into law by President Gerald Ford, effective July 21, 1975. Includes provisions prohibiting sex discrimination in athletics and establishes a three-year window for educational institutions to comply.
1975 - Congress reviews and approves Title IX regulations and rejects
resolutions disapproving them.
• June 4,1975:The present Title IX regulation was transmitted to Congress.
• June 5, 1975, Senator Helms (S. Con. Res. 46), and June 17, 1975, Rep. Martin (H. Con. Res. 310): disapproving entire Title IX legislation
• June 17, 1975, Rep. Martin (H. Con. Res. 311), disapproving Title IX legislation only as it has to do with intercollegiate athletics
• July 16, 1975, Senators Laxalt, Curtis & Fannin (S. Con. Res. 52), disapproving application of Title IX to intercollegiate athletics
1975 & 1977 0 Senate refuses to act on bills to curtail Title IX enforcement.
• July 21, 1975, Senator Helms introduced S. 2146 in an attempt to prohibit the application of Title IX regulations to athletics where participation in those athletic activities are not a required part of the educational institution’s curriculum.
• January 31, 1977, Senator Helms re-introduced S. 2146 as S. 535..
1978 - HEW issues proposed policy “Title IX and Intercollegiate
Athletics” for notice and comment
Presumption of compliance based on substantially equal average per capita expenditures for men and women athletes and future expansion of opportunity and participation for women.
1979 - HEW issues final policy interpretation on “Title IX and Intercollegiate
Athletics” 44 Fed. Reg. 71413 et seq.
December 11, 1979: Rather than relying exclusively on presumption of compliance standard, final policy focuses on institution’s obligation to provide equal opportunity and details the factors to be considered in assessing actual compliance. (Currently referred to as the 3-Prong-Test)
1980 - Department of Education is established.
DOE was given oversight of Title IX through the Office for Civil Rights (OCR).
1984 - Grove City vs. Bell Decision
Removed the applicability of Title IX in athletics programs by stating that only those programs or activities which receive direct Federal financial assistance be held under the umbrella of Title IX.
1988 - Civil Rights Restoration Act
Becomes law on 3/22/88 after overriding a Presidential veto by President Ronald Reagan. Overrides Grove City vs. Bell, and mandates that all educational institutions which receive any type of Federal financial assistance, whether it be direct or indirect, be bound by Title IX legislation.
1990 - Title IX Investigation Manual
April 2, 1990: OCR, of the U.S. Dept. of Education, publishes manual. Authored by Valerie M. Bonnette and Lamar Daniel.
1992 - Franklin vs. Gwinnett County Public Schools
February 2, 1992: Supreme Court rules unanimously that plaintiff’s filing Title IX lawsuits are entitled to receive punitive damages when intentional action to avoid Title IX compliance is established.
1992 - NCAA Gender Equity Study
Shortly after Franklin decision, NCAA completes and publishes a landmark Gender-Equity study of its member institutions.
1994 - Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA)
Section 360B of Publ.L. 103-382
34 CFR Part 668.41-668-48
Fed. Reg. 11/29/95 p. 61424
• September 1993: Sponsored by Senator Mosley-Braun (S. 1468) and Rep. Collins (H.R. 921)
• States that any coeducational institution of higher education that participates in any Federal student financial aid program and has an intercollegiate athletics program must disclose certain information concerning that intercollegiate athletics program.
• Annual reports required; first disclosure report is to be available no later than October 1, 1996.
1996 - Policy Clarification
January 16, 1996: OCR issues clarifications of three-part “Effective Accommodation Test”
1996 - First EADA report due
October 1, 1996: All institutions must have available to all who inquire, specific information on their intercollegiate athletics department as required by the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
This information was found at: Bailiwick: The University of Iowa Libraries
